New research shows the pecking order of garden birds at bird feeders is determined by their size and weight.
Researchers from the University of Exeter and the British Trust for Ornithology (BTO) found larger species like House Sparrows and Greenfinches monopolized the best food and spent longer feeding at bird feeders than smaller birds.
Smaller birds such as Blue Tits and Coal Tits had to feed quickly and were left with lower-quality food.
Bird Feeders for Conservation
The researchers say the findings have important implications for using bird feeders as a conservation method.
“Bird feeding has become increasingly popular in the UK and throughout much of the world in recent decades,” says senior author Professor Jon Blount, of the Centre for Ecology and Conservation on the University of Exeter’s Penryn Campus in Cornwall.
But he says its impacts are still poorly understood.
“Bird feeders create a concentrated food source which can result in more quarrels between individuals of different species, which we predicted would lead to the formation of a dominance hierarchy.
“Our findings show that larger, heavier species get better access to food — so if the aim of bird feeders is to benefit all species, we need to investigate ways to achieve this, such as different mixes of foods and feeder designs.”
Bird Feeder Behavior
The researchers watched birds at feeders placed at woodland edges and hedgerows on the Penryn Campus.
They found heavier bird species monopolized access to sunflower hearts — a food that had a relatively short handling time.
Lighter species were left with sunflower seeds with the hull intact — food that takes longer to open and eat.
Heavier birds also pecked at a lower rate — while small ones pecked quickly to make the most of their limited time at the feeder.
“With more and more people feeding the birds in their gardens it is more important than ever that we understand any implications this might have for the birds themselves,” says joint first author Dr. Kate Plummer, of the BTO.
“We know that during harsh weather the foods put out by homeowners can offer a lifeline but beyond this, the benefits might be more subtle, so it is interesting that our findings are less straightforward and that more work needs to be done to fully understand garden bird feeding.”
Winners and Losers at the Feeder
Dominance ranks for each species were measured by recording any interaction between two individuals that resulted in one retreating from the food source.
In these cases, the bird that stayed was classified as the winner (the more dominant), and the other was classified as the loser.
Though the results do not show the ten species in exact order of weight, there is a strong correlation between weight and dominance.
The two heaviest birds (based on average weight) were rated most dominant — house sparrow (27.3g) and greenfinch (27.7g) — while the two lightest — blue tit (10.9g) and coal tit (9.1g) — were bottom of the list.