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Designating relatively small parcels of land as protected areas for wildlife without habitat management does not benefit declining songbird species, according to a new study.

A team of Penn State researchers studying a long-protected northeastern virgin forest plot compared bird population data collected in the 1960s in Hutcheson Memorial Forest, a unique, uncut 40-acre tract owned by Rutgers University in central New Jersey, to bird numbers found there in recent years.

In the 1950s, when Rutgers received the land, a deed restriction explicitly prohibited habitat and wildlife management.

This single site is very typical of protected areas established in the last decade worldwide.

Sixty-eight percent of the 35,694 terrestrial protected areas added to the World Protected Area Network from 2007 to 2017 are of an equal or smaller size to Hutcheson Memorial Forest.

Hutcheson Memorial Forest is in Somerset County in central New Jersey. The first spans 40 acres and contains some of the oldest trees in the eastern U.S. No living tree has been cut there since the 1950s, but bird populations have declined. Photo Credit: Rutgers University

Tracking Species Gains and Losses

Researchers tracked bird compositional changes using a “within-season repeat sampling protocol.”

They used the same locations and methods employed 40 years before to collect birds.

Researchers documented species gains and losses through time.

Relying on national Breeding Bird Survey data, the researchers contrasted songbird numbers in the protected area to the surrounding region’s bird population.

Impact of Conservation Efforts

They found that nearly half the species found in the forest at the time of initial protection are now gone.

And that yearly forest species composition is highly dynamic.

Ground-nesting and migratory species were more likely to be missing than were canopy breeders, cavity nesters, and year-round residents.

Regional population declines explained differences in local extinction probability across species indicating that the study population mirrored larger regional dynamics.

However, the abundance of a substantial number of species declined within the forest while experiencing no regional declines, or even regional increases, in abundance.

“We believe this study provides a nice window into what is happening in small, urban-suburban protected bird areas around the world,” says research team member Julian Avery, assistant research professor of wildlife ecology and conservation in Penn State’s College of Agricultural Sciences.

“It gave us an unprecedented look into how the bird community has changed through time.”

Protected Areas Need Effective Wildlife and Habitat Management

When Avery was a doctoral student at Rutgers in 2007, he played a key role in getting the bird-banding station restarted in Hutcheson Memorial Forest duplicating activities conducted during the 1960s.

After graduating, he joined Penn State’s faculty, and researchers continued to capture and recapture birds with mist nets in the exact same spots with the same frequency done 40 years before.

Birds that were often present in the 1960s in the Hutcheson Memorial Forest no longer are present, include the ovenbird, brown thrasher and red-eyed vireo.

Some species that were less common historically, now are widespread, such as the common yellowthroat and hairy woodpecker.

The species commonly found in the research area both then and now include Eastern Towhee, Gray Catbird, the Red-bellied Woodpecker and Carolina Wren.

The findings of the research, suggest that even with protected status, small forest fragments may not provide the conservation benefits that protection is meant to provide.

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Active Approach Benefits Birds

A major reason why Avery believes with habitat protection there is a subsequent lack of wildlife and habitat management.

As a result, over-abundant deer can overbrowse and decimate the forest understory.

Invasive plant species begin to colonize, eliminating needed cover for ground-nesting birds.

The lack of sound forestry practices, invasive plant removal, and prescribed fire has the consequence of degrading habitat — and bird populations suffer.

“We have learned that an active approach is much better for the habitat and the birds,” says Avery.

“If you don’t do something, provide some management, then you prevent the existing plant community from replacing itself,” he adds.

“With the Hutcheson Memorial Forest, the donors didn’t want anybody to harvest the ancient trees or change the forest,” he says.

Adding, “That sentiment was well-meaning, but when the deer are eating the native plants such as oak and hickory and avoiding the invasives, through time, we are not getting the replacement of the desired, original forest.”

Avery concludes that habitat conservation needs active management.

The study was recently published in Biodiversity and Conservation.